What Costs Can I Include in a Mechanics Lien?

I practice law, and focus on construction law, in the states of Washington, Oregon and Louisiana.    Whenever folks are looking to put together a mechanics lien, this is a question that is very frequently asked.  (Previously wrote about it here).

While the question seems quite simple, it’s actually a bit complicated.   And it’s a very sensitive question to boot.   The answer differs depending on which state’s law applies, and some states are more sensitive to the topic than others.   In some states, if the lien amount is listed incorrectly, or includes costs not allowed under law, it could invalidate the entire lien.

In other words, tread very carefully.

So, what is this question asking anyway?   Well, folks are typically looking to include two different costs into the amount of its lien.   First, the cost of filing the lien itself.    This may be the cost of an attorney, the filing fees with the county, or the cost of our service ($295).   Second is charged interest on the unpaid account.   Sometimes this is the state’s judicial interest, or interest allowed by contract.

Let me make something very clear:   This is an extraordinarily complicated question to answer on a general basis.   You should consult with an attorney to figure out exactly what costs you can and should and may include in your lien.

However, let me take a crack at trying to answer this question generally.

In Louisiana, Washington and Oregon, if someone wants a general rule, I always advise my clients to simply file the lien for the amount that is due under the contract, without any of the extras.  I advise this unless there is specific circumstances and law that allow them to do the contrary, and they know the law.   I advise this simply in an abundance of caution for these two reasons:

1) If you include it (the extra costs), and you cannot include it, it could invalidate the lien; and

2) if you do not include, it doesn’t mean you can’t collect it. It just means its not part of your lien, and you don’t have the lien against those particular funds (you still have any legal or contractual right to it).

Louisiana Demand Letter Templates

When an account is unpaid and overdue, you do not want to rush into filing a lawsuit. Litigation is an expensive, and oftentimes unnecessary remedy (but, don’t let your claims prescribe). A well-drafted demand letter should be sent to non-paying parties before proceeding forward with legal action.

Although it may be recommended to send a demand letter, it is not a requirement under Louisiana law to establish a commercial debt action (it is in some states). It’s logical, however, that if the debtor may pay within 10 – 30 days of demand, there is little benefit to spending the time and money on initiating a lawsuit.

This post provides a few sample demand letter templates.

In reviewing these templates, it’s important to remember that different situations call for different measures, and specifically that one demand letter may apply more correctly than another.

Furthermore, in certain circumstances (when a check is returned NSF, when an account is an open account, etc.), there are statutory requirements for sending a demand letter in order to qualify for statutory penalties.

The counsel of a qualified attorney is recommended when taking a past-due account to the next level, however, there is some benefit ($$) to sending a demand letter in-house before handing off the reigns to your attorney.

Once you hire an attorney, he or she will likely begin the representation with a new demand letter, but your original letter will not be in vein. The in-house demand letter, when prepared and sent correctly, may qualify you for collection of interests and penalties from the time of its sending, and as mentioned above, may even result in payment. The attorney letter will ensure that the statutory requirements are met, and they are generally more threatening than in-house letters.

Finally, regardless of the correspondence you are prone to send, there are some essential considerations you should have when sending a demand letter.

Be sure to enclose information about the debt with your letter, which may include invoices, estimates, contracts, photographs, etc.

This not only gives creditability to the recipient of your demand letter, showing you are able to prove your debt, but it gives the recipient less of an excuse for non-payment. While not bulletproof, if the matter goes to court and you have a well-written demand letter with documentation proving the debt, you’ll have a better position to argue that the debtor was wrong for not making payment.

From a practical standpoint, there are other things you want to keep in mind. Most importantly, sending a demand letter is of little use unless you can prove it was sent and received.

Send the letter Certified Mail with Return Receipt Requested, and keep track of the Certified Mail Number. Follow-up to ensure the letter is delivered, and if needed, even make an effort to have the letter hand delivered by courier (who should sign an affidavit of delivery).

Not only should you keep proof of the sending of the document, but you want a good and reliable copy of what was sent. If you have a letter and enclosures, mention the enclosures within the letter so you can prove that they were in fact enclosed. Scan a copy of all the documents together with the certified mail number, bates stamp the documents or put page numbers at the bottom of each page (1 of 6, 2 of 6, etc.).

General Collection Letter Template

Contractors seeking to collect amounts owed to it from a property owner should send a basic collections letter. Here is a basic collections letter in Microsoft Word format.

Demand letter on An Open Account Template

If you have an “open account” with the debtor, you will want to send a demand letter substantially similar to the template below. Open Accounts are provided special treatment under Louisiana law, with the benefit to creditors being that they are able to collect interest and attorneys fees as a matter of law.

The critical questions when collecting an open account are: (1) Is the debt an open account?; and (2) Has the creditor taken the correct steps to collect on it, preserving its rights to obtain attorneys fees and interest?

In general, contractors are infrequently able to capitalize on the open account laws in Louisiana, which are more ordinarily preserved to other professions and types of accounts. However, construction material suppliers are frequently able to use the open account laws, and there is clearly some grey area on the issue pursuant to recent Louisiana Supreme Court decisions.

Regarding the second question, the Louisiana Open Account law requires that you send a demand letter before qualifying to collect attorneys’ fees and interest. The demand letter must give the debtor information regarding the debt (invoices, contracts, estimates, photographs, etc.), and it must provide them with a certain amount of time to make payment on the account (30 days).

A demand letter in substantially similar form to the form provided by this post should suffice to start the clock for your company under Open Account laws. Be sure, however, to enclose evidence of the debt with the letter, and to keep documentation to prove that it was sent and to prove exactly what was sent.

Demand on Open Account in Microsoft Word format.

Demand letter on NSF / Dishonored Check

The penalties for writing an NSF check can be severe. If your company seeks re-payment of the NSF check in accordance with Louisiana statutes, it will be positioned to take advantage of these penalties, applying great pressure to the party who wrote the NSF check to make payment.

The following is a sample template letter that may be sent after receipt of a NSF check.

Demand on NSF Check in Microsoft Word format.

Demand Letter Against Contractor Who Misapplied Funds

When a contractor misapplies funds as above discussed, you may send this template letter to put that contractor on notice of its default and to demand payment under the statute.

Demand Against Contractor Who Misapplied Funds in Microsoft Word format.

This article was originally posted on Wolfe Law Group’s topic-specific Louisiana Construction Law Blog.

Can I File a Mechanics Lien For This?

Lien laws vary from state-to-state, but across the country it’s a consistent principle that contractors and suppliers can only file mechanic’s liens for work they perform on a construction improvement project.

This begs the very important questions – what is a construction improvement project?    And beyond that, what is a construction improvement?

With respect to Virginia’s law on the issue, the Virginia Real Estate, Land Use and Construction Law Blog just posted on this topic:   The Line Between Furniture and Fixtures:  What Constitutes An Improvement, Part II. The post quotes a recent federal civil case, Summit Community Bank v. Blue Ridge Shawdows Hotel & Conference Center, LLC, whereby the judge distinguished between installed cabinets (which can be liened) and furniture delivered to the project (which cannot be liened) saying:

It is not sufficient for materials to simply add value to a building by their mere presence without any further connection to the building.

The law in Washington and Oregon is very similar to Virginia.  In both of these states, claimants may lien for work they perform in the “improvement of real property” or work used “in the construction of any improvement.”

Louisiana’s lien law is a bit more unique in this regard, and perhaps the most unique in the nation.   In Louisiana, claimants may file a lien whenever they perform services in connection with a “Work.”    A “Work” is defined as follows by the statute (LA RS 9:4808):

A work is a single continuous project for the improvement, construction, erection, reconstruction, modification, repair, demolition, or other physical change of an immovable or its component parts.

I once represented a claimant in a Louisiana action against it to remove a mechanics lien, whereby I submitted a memorandum to the court distinguishing “work” (little w” from “Work” required by the statute (big w).   I quoted the 1985 Louisiana Fourth Circuit case Lake Forest, Inc. v. Crilot Co., et al (466 So.2d 61) wherein a subcontractor’s lien against a property for excavation work related to the operation of a sand pit was challenged.

Interesting about this case is that there was no building or “improvement,” but the lien was found valid because the work was considered a “Work,” with the court explaining as follows:

Although “improvement” language is used in this general statement, La. R.S. 9:4808 contains a broader wording.  The definition of “work” as “a single continuous project for the improvement…or other physical change of an immovable…” appears to apply to this unique sand pit operation.

We conclude that this sand pit…was designed to improve Lake Forest’s property.  At the very least the operation was for the “modification…or other physical change of an immovable.”

Summary

Here is a short summary of this post.   It’s important to know what is and what is not an “improvement” to determine whether you can in fact file a construction lien for the work or materials you provided.   It’s also important to answer that question within the context of the laws applicable to your project.   Most of the stuff is black & white…but in some cases, there can be a little gray.

Avvo Legal Guides on Oregon and Louisiana Liens Published

Want a step-by-step guide on how to file construction or mechanic liens in Louisiana or Oregon?   Your call has been answered this weekend with the publication of Avvo Legal Guides on both these subjects, which you can view here:

How to File a Construction Lien in Oregon

How to File a Construction Lien in Louisiana

These two legal guides offer plain english explanations on how to prepare and file a construction lien in either of these states.    After reading the guide, you can visit Express Lien’s free Lien Punchlist & Forms center, where you can download more information about on the subject, and even download free PDF-fillable lien forms.

Want to dot your i’s and cross your t’s, and rest easy knowing your document will get filed?   Consider using the Express Lien service to prepare your lien, file and serve it, and then store it online for your records.

The two above-listed legal guides were written and published by Scott Wolfe Jr., who is the founder of Express Lien and the company’s President.   Separate from Express Lien, Scott is a practicing construction attorney in Washington, Oregon and Louisiana, with his construction practice the Wolfe Law Group.

He previously published a similar legal article on Avvo.com about filing construction liens in Washington, which you can read here.

Good Looking Dogs

As many of our clients and friends are aware, Express Lien is a pet friendly workplace, and Betsey Rue (our 8 month old French Bulldog) runs the show.

Today Betsey Rue, and her best friend Sam (office neighbor Wolfe Law Group’s 3 year old Bichon Frise) were featured on WomansDay.com as the Cutest Pets of the Day. Check it out.

We invite our employees to bring their own pets to the office. Betsey Rue and Sam are supervised in the New Orleans office by Oscar (the 3 year old French Bulldog of WLG founder Scott Wolfe).

Mechanics Lien – Is it like a Mortgage? Yes and No.

In most states, contractors and suppliers can file “Mechanics Liens,” whereby they acquire a privilege against the construction jobsite’s property.    The liens usually work like a mortgage on the property, such that it must be satisfied before a property is sold, transferred or refinanced.

While liens act a lot like mortgages, they certainly are not identical to mortgage instruments.

First, in most states, mechanics liens themselves expire.    Most states require that the contractor file a lawsuit to “enforce” or “foreclose” on the lien within a certain time period (sometimes short), to extend the life and effectiveness of a lien.   Here are some example timeframes:

In Louisiana, liens must be enforced within 1 year from filing.  In Washington, lien foreclosure is due within 8 months of filing.  In California, you must foreclose within just 90 days of filing!

Second, depending on the state, liens are given more or less “priority.”    Lien priority effects the order the instruments are paid in the event of a property sale or foreclosure.   In other words, if a property is foreclosed upon but sold for an amount less then the sum of all liens, and there are two mortgages and a mechanics lien on record, who gets paid and who doesn’t?

The answer to this question depends on your state.   In Louisiana and Washington, liens take a junior priority to mortgages and similar instruments.  In other states, however, the rules are or, depending on circumstances, can be different.    In Virginia, mechanics liens have priority over construction loan mortgages.   In Minnesota, depending on when the respective instruments are filed, a mechanics lien can take priority over mortgage-type instruments.

The North Carolina Mechanics Lien Scheme

Like most states, North Carolina has laws allowing those who provide labor or materials or rental equipment to a construction project to “lien” the project in the event of non-payment.

While the general availability of filing a lien is a simple rule in North Carolina, it is more complex to determine how a party can file in the state.   The manner of filing a lien in North Carolina depends on the claimant’s role in the project.    We take a shot at explaining the North Carolina lien scheme in this post, and compare it to how liens are filed in other states like Washington and Louisiana.

Those Who Contract With The Owner:

Those who contract with the “owner” on a North Carolina construction project, and who are not paid for labor or materials, may file a “traditional” mechanics lien with the county recorder.

The lien must be filed within 120 days from the last date labor or materials are furnished to the project, and must follow other formalities required by statute.   These formalities are set forth in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-12, which also provides a form to be used when filing.

This lien actually attaches to the property at controversy, affecting the property’s title.

Those Who Do Not Contract With The Owner:

For those who do not contract with the property owner, the North Carolina lien scheme offers two possible remedies.

First, a “Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds” is something that is delivered – and not filed – to parties “up the contract chain.”   This requires those up the chain to put a freeze on funds that may be due the claiming subcontractor.    If a Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds is delivered to the Owner, and the Owner thereafter disburses funds to the general contractor, the claimant can then escalate its notice into an actual lien.

Second, a “Subrogation Lien” is filed by a sub or lower-tier sub within 120 days from when the general contractor last performs work, and may be filed only if a Notice of Claim Upon Funds was delivered to the Owner and some amount of money is due to the GC from the Owner.

Both of these lien remedies are discussed below in this post.

Claim of Lien Upon Funds

The rules are a bit different for those parties to a construction project who do not contract with the owner.  Who are these parties?  Subcontractors, Second-Tier contractors and suppliers, Third-Tier contractors and suppliers, etc.

Unlike parties who contract with the owner (i.e. generals), lower tier contractors cannot file a ‘traditional’ lien.   Instead, these contractors protect their right to payment by serving a “Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds.”   The requirements for this notice is set forth in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-19.

This notice does not affect a property’s title, and it is not filed with the county records.  Instead, it is served upon every party “up the chain” from the claimant.

So, for example, a first tier subcontractor would deliver notice of claim to the owner and the general contractor.

While a traditional lien provides a claimant a lien on the property, this type of lien provides the claimant only with a lien on the funds at controversy.   After receipt of the notice, if the owner or other party makes payments down the construction chain with funds that are liened (i.e. eventually belong to the claimant), the party who improperly made the payment will be personally liable to the claimant for payment.

If the party is the owner, the claimant may then file its notice with the country recorder.

Lien Through Subrogation

In addition to the “Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds,” subcontractors and lower-tiered subcontractors can also file a mechanic’s lien against the property through “subrogation” of the general contractors right to lien.

With this type of lien, the lien claimant must:  (1) have served a Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds to the property owner; and (2) the general contractor must be owed money from the owner.    The subrogation lien must be filed within 120 days from when the general contractor last furnished labor and/or materials to the project.

Comparing with Other States:  Louisiana and Washington

One of the problems with lien statutes across the country is balancing the rights of laborers and materialmen to get paid with the interests in protecting a property owner from being required to pay for the services twice, and to have its property title illegiatemly affected.

Different states balance these issues differently.

In Washington, lower-tiered contractors are required to provide the owner with notices prior to filing a lien.

In Louisiana, there is a focus on the public records, allowing owners to file notices in the public records that affect the interests of lien claimants.

North Carolina balances these issues differently, essentially allowing only those who contract with the owner to immediately affect a property owner’s title.  If the contract is not with the owner, the lien at first only affects the funds.  If the parties continue to refuse the claimant payment, the problem grows, and more parties become personally liable for the debt and the property’s title is at stake.

Express Lien’s Services:

Express Lien prepares, files and serves both “Liens’ and “Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds” in North Carolina.

With regard to “Liens,” filed by those who contract with the property owner, there is a $295.00 flat charge which includes the document preparation, filing and service upon interested parties.   Also, liens that are recorded by subs and those who did not contract with the owner are also $295.00.

With regard to “Notice of Claim of Lien Upon Funds,” which are delivered and not filed, these are considered a notice, and are charged our low flat fee for preparing and delivering notices.

Get Started Now.

How to Challenge an Improperly Filed Construction Lien

At Express Lien, we’re usually helping companies get construction liens on the books.   However, sometimes, your company may actually require the opposite:  getting an improperly filed construction lien off the books.

Co-founder of Express Lien, Inc., Scott Wolfe, is a construction attorney in Seattle, WA and New Orleans, LA, and he recently published two legal guides on the attorney rating website, Avvo.com.   The two articles discuss how to dispute a construction lien in Louisiana and Washington state.

Here are links to the articles:

• How To Dispute A Construction Lien in Louisiana
• How To Dispute a Construction Lien in Washington State

The article even points readers to a free template letter demanding the cancellation of an improperly filed lien.

What makes a lien invalid?  Read about common filing mistakes right here on the construction lien blog.

And avoid making common filing errors by having Express Lien prepare and file your document.

Lien Smarter…Get Paid.

Pro-Owner ‘Trick’ in the Delaware & Pro-Contractor ‘Trick’ in the Louisiana Lien Statutes

Here and there, there are statutes within a state’s lien laws that allow a property owner to place a duty of performance on subcontractors and contractors.

When representing property owners, savvy construction attorneys will recommend that these statutes be utilized to protect the owner from future liens.

An example of these types of statutes can be found in Delaware, under the Code Title 25, Section ¶2705.  The statute provides simply as follows:

The owner of any structure built, repaired or altered by any contractor or subcontractor may require such contractor or subcontractor from time to time to furnish and submit to him a complete and accurate list in writing of all persons who have furnished labor or material, or both, in connection therewith, and who may be entitled to avail themselves of the provisions of this chapter. Should any such contractor or subcontractor fail to furnish such list for 10 days after demand made therefor by such owner, he shall be entitled to receive no further payments from the owner until such list be furnished and shall not be entitled to avail himself of any of the provisions of this chapter.

What does this mean?

Well, quite simply, if an owner makes this “demand” in writing, the contractor or subcontractor ought to immediately comply or risk losing the ability to file a lien.

Unlike Delaware, Louisiana has a reverse requirement…allowing the contractor or subcontractor to burden the property owner with future performance with the risk of penalty for non-compliance.

La. R.S. 9:4822(K) provides that any person with lien rights may give a certain notice to the property owner, and if provided properly, the owner will be required to notify that person within 3 days of the filing of a notice of termination, the substantial completion or the abandonement of the work.  Of course, these events trigger time requirements under the lien statute.

What happens when an owner fails to provide this notice?   They are liable for “all costs and attorney’s fees for the establishment and the enforcement of the claim.”

Working on a private project in either state?  Both the Delaware and Louisiana notice can be ordered from Express Lien today.

Illinois Contemplating Amendment to Mechanics Lien Statute

It appears that the Illinois legislature is contemplating an amendment to its mechanic’s lien statute, as reported last week by the informative Illinois Construction Law Blog.  According to that blog post, the guts of the amendment would require contractors (non-subs) to given written notice on owner-occupied single family residences prior to filing a lien.

According to the blog, this requirement already exists for subcontractors, and the purpose of the amendment would be to extend the requirement to contractors who contract directly with the property owner.

The Illinois Construction Law Blog does weigh the pros and cons of the bill.

In their discussion, they mention that the bill makes sense because homeowners cannot be considered as sophisticated as commercial property developers.

On the other hand, however, since the bill would only require notice before filing the lien, the blog states that notice could be given the day before the lien is filed.  Of this timeframe, the author asks "what protection does that afford the home-owner?"

A similar requirement exists in Louisiana, according to Wolfe Law Group’s Construction Law Monitor. They describe the requirement as follows:

Notice is required whenever you are working on a residential project, and you contract directly with the owner of the property, who also lives in the residence.

The type of notice required is called the “Notice of Lien Rights.”

The Notice of Lien Rights to be sent to owners in residential projects is very important, because the law requires that it be provided before work begins, and not as a condition to your construction contract.

Read full article here.

The difference between the Louisiana requirement and the requiremnet in Illinois, however, is that in Louisiana notice is required before work begins, and in Illinois, its required only before filing the lien.  Perhaps the goals of the Illinois legislature would be better achieved by a rule similar to that of Louisiana’s?

Nevertheless, for the time being, the requirement does not exist at all for contractors in Illinois, and is only a twinkle in the legislature’s eye.  You can track the progress of the bill at this link.