Preserving and Executing Lien Rights Leads to Prompt Payment

Contractors and suppliers have a remarkable collections remedy at their fingertips:   the mechanic’s lien.    But as we’ve (and countless others @constructionlaw @timrhughes @myconstructlaw @matthewdevries) have warned a thousand times…the lien laws vary state-by-state, and they are highly complex.

Preserving those lien rights by promptly and properly filing a preliminary notice, notice to owner, or other type of required construction notice is critical.   Thereafter, timely recording your mechanics lien or public bond claim is also critical.

With all the legal complications and technicalities, some contractors and suppliers may wonder whether the mechanic lien is worth all the trouble?

Yesterday, Walter Duke at the Texas Construction Law Blog may have tendered an answer to this question.   His post, 4 Practical Steps to Help Ensure Prompt Payment, does a great job of focusing the non-payment issue onto four practical efforts.    One of those four important steps?    You guessed it…the mechanics lien.

Here is the praise Walter gives the mechanic lien in his post:

Mechanics liens are one of the easiest ways to ensure payment on a construction project, and yet they are one of the most commonly botched practices among contractors. All other tricks for getting paid on a project rely on the willingness, ability, and legal obligation of another party to pay up.  Liens, on the other hand, place your remedy in the land and its improvements (which, in theory, always have intrinsic value).

I thought this was a nice concise summary of why the mechanic lien is so powerful, and so frequently works.    Rather than regurgitating Walter’s post here, take a look at it on his blog in full to see more of his thoughts on mechanic liens, and the 3 other practical steps to help ensure prompt payment.

I Didn’t File My Lien On Time…Now What?

Over the weekend, I answered a question over on Avvo.com about mechanic liens that gets asked very often, and I thought it was a good idea to share here.

The question is this:   What are my legal rights as a contractor if my lien is not filed on time?

The question was asked related to Washington law, but the answer is applicable around the nation.   Mechanic liens are an excellent remedy – and I highly recommend preserving and using these rights when needed.   However, they are not a contractor’s only remedy.

What other rights does a contractor have?  Take a look at my answer here:

Liens are a terrific remedy for contractors. If you’re unpaid and file your lien on time, you acquire security rights against the property itself and are legally able to file suit against parties who you did NOT contract with (i.e. the property owner, if you are a sub).

However, if you don’t file a lien, you still have plenty of legal rights to recover what is owed to you.

Your rights, however, are exclusively against the party who you contract with. You have an action against them for breach of contract. The period to bring this suit is quite a bit longer, between 3-6 years, depending on the type of contract.*

*This is the statute for Washington.  Remember that the statute of limitations will be different depending on your state.

It’s important to contact a great construction attorney to bring a breach of contract suit if you are unpaid, and are too late to proceed with lien rights.    Find a construction attorney in your area at Avvo.com.

Assembly of Good Resources on Oregon Construction Liens

When you’re not paid on a construction project you turn to the Internet to find answers about collections and mechanics liens.  In 2010, it’s the natural thing to do.   When you’re sick, you turn to sites like WebMD.   When you’re not paid, you look to learn about efficient ways to collect, and you turn to sites like this one.

While we work hard to provide great  construction and mechanics lien resources, there’s no need for us to be greedy and re-publish every single feature of the mechanic lien laws.   There’s a lot of great information on other websites out there, and everyone once in a while, we find it useful to our readers to stop and point to those other resources.

This post does just that, as it relates to Oregon Mechanics Lien laws.

Let’s Start With Me

I know I just talked about not being self-centered when it comes to posting information, but there’s not harm in starting this post with a re-cap of the resources we’ve published here and elsewhere.

– The Lien Law Summary Sheet for Oregon

– The Construction Lien Blog’s posts concerning Oregon

– Avvo.com Legal Guide published by Scott Wolfe Jr. on Oregon Mechanic Liens

– The Northwest Construction Law Blog’s posts on Oregon Mechanic Liens and Construction Lien Laws.

Some Others

– An Associated General Contractors chapter in Oregon has published the Oregon Construction Lien Pamphlet.  The Pamphlet does an excellent job of summarizing some of the notice requirements in Oregon, which while not very complex, are very strict.   Oregon’s notice requirement is one of the fastest expiring anywhere in the country – while some states allow for 60 day notices (Washington), or 20 day notices (California), Oregon requires the Notice to Owner be sent within just 8 days!    So, better be on top of things.  This Pamphlet helps.

– I recently came across a service called “Deeper Web? (@about_law)”   From how things look to me, this website scans the web for relevant articles and information on a specific topic, and displays all the results in a magazine-like format in one location.  I’m not familiar enough with the website to say it works all the time…but, I am impressed with their “Special Report on Oregon Construction Lien Laws.”   Some neat things this site links to is the Oregon Contractors Board’s page for consumer help containing information on Oregon lien laws, and a great discussion on LinkedIn on whether a lien can be filed against someone who has filed for bankruptcy.

– No better place to get information on Oregon Lien Laws than from the horse’s mouth.   Here, that’s the Oregon Contractor’s Board.   Their website has a number of good publications that can help contractors and property owners, but most relevant here is the Construction Lien Pamphlet written “to inform contractors and consumers about Oregon’s construction lien laws.”

Alert: Virginia General Assembly Tweaks Mechanic’s Lien Notice Requirements

We’re pleased to welcome Christopher Hill back to the Construction Lien Blog for this guest post, bringing information about important changes to mechanic lien statutes in Virgina.  Christopher G. Hill is lawyer and owner of the Richmond, VA firm, The Law Office of Christopher G. Hill, PC, a LEED AP, and member of Virginia’s Legal Elite in Construction Law. He specializes in mechanic’s liens, contract review and consulting, occupational safety issues (VOSH and OSHA), and risk management for construction professionals. Mr. Hill authors the Construction Law Musings blog where he discusses legal and policy issues relevant to construction professionals.

I want to thank Scott for, once again, letting me guest post here at the Construction and Mechanic’s Lien blog.

I have discussed the picky nature of Virginia mechanic’s liens often over at my Construction Law Musings blog. Not only are the requirements and details strictly enforced, but the Virginia General Assembly seems to feel the need to tweak them in each of its sessions.

The latest change involves the use of a mechanic’s lien agent on residential projects. Beginning at the start of this month, July 1, 2010, a contractor can no longer depend on the failure of the owner to list a mechanic’s lien agent on the posted building permit. The new statute requires that a contractor go beyond merely reading the building permit and make a reasonable inquiry with the local building authority to determine the identity of the mechanic’s lien agent.

Another key change to this provision allows an owner to amend a building permit to add a mechanic’s lien agent at a date sometime after the beginning of construction. Based on this change to the statute, contractors must be constantly vigilant to any lien agent changes to assure that their required 30 day notices to the agent are properly filed because the owner is likely to bring a defense of failure to give notice by a contractor or subcontractor (regardless of if the trade is finished or not) should such notices remain un-filed or un-amended.

Aside from the obvious need to keep abreast of the changes to the mechanic’s lien statutes in Virginia, contractors and other construction professionals must also update their long standing policies for notices on residential projects. Consultation with an experienced construction attorney is key in assuring that you are both up to speed on legislative and judicial changes and that your business procedures take such changes into account.

What Happens After You File A Mechanics Lien

So, you fulfilled all of your notice requirements and you filed your mechanics lien on time.  The other party still hasn’t made payment, and you begin to wonder…now what?

Why Mechanics Liens Work

First, before discussing what happens after the lien is filed, let me first address why mechanics liens are effective ways to collect on non-paying projects.

This is an important point when discussing what happens after a mechanics lien is filed because it touches on why mechanics liens sometimes prompt payment without any further action after the filing itself.

Mechanics Liens are effective for the following reasons:

- Without a mechanics lien, you can only sue the party you contracted with.  With a lien, you can sue the property owner, those up the contracting chain from you, and the surety bonding the project.

- A mechanics lien can prevent a property from being sold, transferred or refinanced

- Without a mechanics lien, you have no security when you file suit on your breach of contract claim.  With a lien, your claim has the property has security.

This is a perfect storm of aggravation to the project and the parties working on the project, that frequently results in getting you paid without any action beyond filing the lien.   See how it worked on the MGM Project in Vegas here.

What Happens Next?

But what happens if your mechanics lien does not produce immediate payment?  See article on this topic here.

Most states require the lien be “enforced” or “foreclosed.”   This typically means that you bring a lawsuit against the person you contracted with and/or the other relevant parties (property owner, prime contractor, surety, etc.).    In most circumstances, the lien stays on the books while your action is pending, and if you win…you have the security of the property to ensure you get paid.

It is very important to recognize that you only have so long to enforce or foreclose on your lien.   If you fail to do this within the specified time frame…your mechanics lien will expire completely.

The time you have to enforce or foreclose on a mechanics lien varies depending on the state where the project is located.   We have Construction Lien Law Summaries, and specifically the time period to enforce mechanics liens from each state, available on our State-By-State Lien Law Summaries and Forms Page.

And don’t forget about Zlien’s Lien Pilot, which calculates your project’s deadlines for you (including your deadline to foreclose / enforce a mechanics lien).

What Happens When My Lien Expires?

Well, this is a pretty sensitive subject.   You can always bring your lawsuit against the party in your contract (if you are within the statute of limitations for your state).

But with respect to the mechanic lien’s viability, Kelly Davis has a great article published on her blog on this issue:   Didn’t Foreclose on your Mechanics Lien?  What Should You Do Now?

A Catch-22: Pay When Paid Clauses Do Not Extend the Lien Period

If you search “Pay When Paid Clauses” in Google, you’re going to get a lot of results that say a lot different things.   This contractual provision – used in almost every general / sub construction contract – is perhaps one of the most confusing or misunderstood provisions out there.

Wolfe Law Group’s Construction Law Monitor recently blogged about the dangers of using one contract in multiple states.   The post used the “pay when paid” provision as an example of why multi-state contracts are problematic.

The provision itself seems pretty clear:  one party will get paid when the other party gets paid.    It isn’t.   Interpretation of this provision varies by state, with some states striking down the provision entirely as against “public policy” and other states distinguishing between “pay when paid” provisions and “pay if paid” provisions.   The only way to protect your company against this tricky provision is to consult with an attorney about how these provisions are treated in your jurisdiction.

While interpretation of “pay when paid” provisions differ from state-to-state, there does appear to be one constant about this provision across the country:   It doesn’t extend your lien period.

Most states require liens be filed within a certain period after you last worked on the project, or after the project is complete.   The fact that you or your company is waiting for payment because the prime or an upper-tiered sub hasn’t been paid is completely irrelevant.  The lien period still starts when it starts, and ends when it ends.

As you might imagine, this presents a bit of a Catch-22.

On the one hand, you must file a lien to preserve your right to lien.  On the other hand, filing a lien may complicate the payment problems for the prime or upper tier sub (and thus your payment problem), and may cause animosity when negotiations are otherwise calm.

Unfortunately, there is  no easy fix for this complication.    Each situation should be examined individually, and sometimes, a simple joint check agreement may be the solution.  It’s just important to remember that good faith negotiations and waiting for payment under a contractual obligation to do so will not likely extend the lien period, and too much talk could result in the loss of lien rights.

Here are some great resources and articles on Pay When Paid provisions:

- Fourth Circuit Concludes Pay When Paid Clause is Unambiguous and Enforceable

- Pay When Paid or Pay If Paid Provisions

- Is Your Pay When Paid Clause Worthless?

- Contingent Payment Clauses, Use With Caution

Free Forms and Resources on California Liens and 20-Day Notices from Sacramento Public Library

The Sacramento County Public Library has recently published a page with a good overview of the California lien laws, as well as links to forms, websites and other resources that can help contractors and suppliers understand and utilize liens.

The page leads off with this pithy summary of lien laws in California:

A Mechanics’ Lien is an effective remedy for contractors, subcontractors, and others involved in the construction or improvement of real estate to resolve payment problems. If a service or materials provider records a Mechanics’ Lien against the real estate being improved, the owner can not easily sell or refinance the property without first paying off the debt secured by the lien. A Mechanics’ Lien motivates the owner to make sure the contractors get paid, and is a prerequisite to filing a foreclosure action on the property.

And provides these resources, useful for anyone wanting to know more about California liens and preliminary notices:

- Nolo Article on California Lien Structure

- Free forms available through Sacramento County Public Library

- Information on how to record documents in California (great basic information about how and where documents like liens get recorded).

What Costs Can I Include in a Mechanics Lien?

I practice law, and focus on construction law, in the states of Washington, Oregon and Louisiana.    Whenever folks are looking to put together a mechanics lien, this is a question that is very frequently asked.  (Previously wrote about it here).

While the question seems quite simple, it’s actually a bit complicated.   And it’s a very sensitive question to boot.   The answer differs depending on which state’s law applies, and some states are more sensitive to the topic than others.   In some states, if the lien amount is listed incorrectly, or includes costs not allowed under law, it could invalidate the entire lien.

In other words, tread very carefully.

So, what is this question asking anyway?   Well, folks are typically looking to include two different costs into the amount of its lien.   First, the cost of filing the lien itself.    This may be the cost of an attorney, the filing fees with the county, or the cost of our service ($295).   Second is charged interest on the unpaid account.   Sometimes this is the state’s judicial interest, or interest allowed by contract.

Let me make something very clear:   This is an extraordinarily complicated question to answer on a general basis.   You should consult with an attorney to figure out exactly what costs you can and should and may include in your lien.

However, let me take a crack at trying to answer this question generally.

In Louisiana, Washington and Oregon, if someone wants a general rule, I always advise my clients to simply file the lien for the amount that is due under the contract, without any of the extras.  I advise this unless there is specific circumstances and law that allow them to do the contrary, and they know the law.   I advise this simply in an abundance of caution for these two reasons:

1) If you include it (the extra costs), and you cannot include it, it could invalidate the lien; and

2) if you do not include, it doesn’t mean you can’t collect it. It just means its not part of your lien, and you don’t have the lien against those particular funds (you still have any legal or contractual right to it).

The Difference Between Public and Private Projects

When it comes to filing mechanics liens and collecting money owed to your company, there is a world of difference between private and public construction projects.   And it’s very important to know the difference between the two.

Why Does It Matter?

Before explaining what distinguishes these projects from one another, let me talk a little about why it matters.

If unpaid on a private project, the laws in most states allow you to file a “mechanics lien” against the property.   This gives your company an actual interest in the real estate your labor or materials improved.   The lien must be filed within a particular period of time, and if the lien is not paid, you’re required to “foreclose” upon the lien to obtain payment, which could result in the property being sold at auction to obtain the funds to payoff your claim.

If unpaid on a public project, there is a much different experience.

Generally, your company is not able to file a “mechanics lien” against a public project because most states (and the federal government) prohibit any party from gaining an interest in public property.   As a result, most public construction projects may only proceed if a “payment bond” is issued.    In the event of non-payment on a public job, rather than file a lien the unpaid party will file a “claim” against the bond.   Instead of foreclosing on the property, the claimant will “foreclose” – so to speak – against the lien, eventually resulting in payment.

What is the Difference Between Public and Private Projects?

Easy.

99 times out of a 100, a project is private when owned by a private person or entity, and is public when owned by the government.

When the government is the United States or a federal agency, the applicable rules are found within the “Miller Act.”   We’ve written a good deal about Miller Act rules and claims here at the Construction Lien Blog.    When the government is the state or a state agency, the applicable rules are usually found within a “Little Miller Act” statute.    These vary state-by-state, a great resource on little miller acts across the country is linked below (and here).

Be very careful when performing work on a private school (i.e. private university) or for a non-profit agency, and even large public corporations.   We sometimes think of these types of organizations as “public” agencies, but that does not necessarily render them a “public construction project.”    Usually, such a designation is reserved for land and projects owned by the federal or state government.    If you’re unsure, it’s a good idea to ask, or to hire an attorney to research the question.

GREAT Resources for Public Lien Laws and Public Contracting Issues

Here are two great resources for folks looking to learn a little more about public contracting in general, and about bond / lien claims against public projects.

1)  Mike Purdy’s Public Contracting Blog:  Mike Purdy is a retired public contracting consultant out of Seattle, WA.  His frequently updated blog addresses public contracting questions and laws across the country.

2)  Law Office of David Bransdorfer Miller Act Summaries:   This website, offered by a New York law firm, provides summaries of the Miller Act, and each state’s version of the Miller Act.  It’s a great place to start researching the applicable public contracting claim / lien laws in your state.

Great Avvo Legal Guide Available With Information on Florida Lien Laws

Florida attorney Neal Ian Sklar just this week published a really informative Legal Guide about Florida Construction Liens over at the lawyer rating website, Avvo.com.

The guide starts out by identifying the “dual purpose” of Florida’s construction lien statutes.   While the author is speaking about Florida law only, the “dual purpose” breakdown is really applicable across the country.

What is this dual purpose?

Well, on the one hand, lien statutes are crafted to protect contractors, subcontractors, suppliers and design professional’s right to get paid for work put into a project.   The law, in other words, doesn’t want a property owner to benefit from the improvements to property without paying the folks who put the time and materials therein.

You may be thinking “of course.”

The other purpose is a bit more hidden in the statutes.   That purpose is to protect property owners from having their property improperly or unreasonably encumbered.

To balance these two purposes, lien laws across the country can sometimes feel schizophrenic.

Neal’s legal guide over on Avvo discusses the Florida lien laws in this context, and he does a good job of explaining how the two purposes are served by the Florida statutes.

While lien laws vary from state-to-state, understanding the “dual purposes” of these statutes provides contractors, subcontractors, suppliers and others a big picture understanding of how these statutes work…which, although each state’s laws are different, gives them a good grasp on the general rules they’ll need to follow to successfully use the laws.

And when a state’s specific requirements are needed…consult a great legal guide like Neal’s.